Journal of Petrology | Volume 29 | Number 3 | Pages 625-679 | 1988
© Oxford University Press 1988
research-article |
The Volume and Composition of Melt Generated by Extension of the Lithosphere
Department of Earth Sciences, Bullard Laboratories Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ
Received July 21, 1987; Revised typescript accepted January 14, 1988
ABSTRACT
Calculation of the volume and composition of magma generated by lithospheric extension requires an accurate mitial geotherm, and knowledge of the variation and composition of the melt fraction as a function of pressure and temperature. The relevant geophysical observations are outlined, and geotherms then obtained from parameterized convective models. Experimental observations which constrain the solidus and liquidus at various pressures are described by simple empirical functions. The variation in melt fraction is then parameterized by requiring a variation from 0 on the solidus to 1 on the liquidus.
The composition of the melts is principally controlled by the melt fraction, though those of FeO, MgO, and SiO2 in addition vary with pressure. Another simple parameterization allows the observed compositions of major elements in 91 experiments to be calculated with a mean error of 1.1%, and those of TiO2 and Na2O to 0.3%. These expressions are then used to calculate the expected compositions of magma produced by adiabatic upwelling. The mean major element composition of the most magnesium-rich MORB glasses resemble the mean composition calculated for a mantle potential temperature Tp of 1280°C. Adiabatic melting during upwelling of mantle of this temperature generates a melt thickness of 7 km. The observed variations of the MgO and TiO2 concentrations in a large collection of MORB glass compositions suggest that extensive low pressure fractional crystallization occurs, but that its effect on the concentrations of SiO2, Al2O3, and CaO is small. There is no evidence that normal oceanic crust is produced from magmas containing more than 11% MgO. The mantle potential temperature within hot rising jets is about 1480°C and can generate 27 km of magma containing 17% MgO.
Extension of the continental lithosphere generates little melt unless ß> 2 and Tp> 1380°C. The melts generated by larger values of ß or of Tp are alkali basalts, and change to tholeiites as the amount of melting increases. Large quantities of melt can be generated, especially at continental margins, where estimates of ß obtained from changes in crustal thickness will in general be too small.
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D. H. GREEN, M. W. SCHMIDT, and W. O. HIBBERSON Island-arc Ankaramites: Primitive Melts from Fluxed Refractory Lherzolitic Mantle J. Petrology, February 1, 2004; 45(2): 391 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Pascal, S. A. P. L. Cloetingh, and G. R. Davies Asymmetric lithosphere as the cause of rifting and magmatism in the Permo-Carboniferous Oslo Graben Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 1, 2004; 223(1): 139 - 156. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. G. Fitton and M. Godard Origin and evolution of magmas on the Ontong Java Plateau Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 1, 2004; 229(1): 151 - 178. [Abstract] [PDF]
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W. J. Chazey III and C. R. Neal Large igneous province magma petrogenesis from source to surface: platinum-group element evidence from Ontong Java Plateau basalts recovered during ODP Legs 130 and 192 Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 1, 2004; 229(1): 219 - 238. [Abstract] [PDF]
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N. M. Shapiro, M. H. Ritzwoller, J. C. Mareschal, and C. Jaupart Lithospheric structure of the Canadian Shield inferred from inversion of surface-wave dispersion with thermodynamic a priori constraints Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 1, 2004; 239(1): 175 - 194. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. EWART, J. S. MARSH, S. C. MILNER, A. R. DUNCAN, B. S. KAMBER, and R. A. ARMSTRONG Petrology and Geochemistry of Early Cretaceous Bimodal Continental Flood Volcanism of the NW Etendeka, Namibia. Part 1: Introduction, Mafic Lavas and Re-evaluation of Mantle Source Components J. Petrology, January 1, 2004; 45(1): 59 - 105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. ANAND, S. A. GIBSON, K. V. SUBBARAO, S. P. KELLEY, and A. P. DICKIN Early Proterozoic Melt Generation Processes beneath the Intra-cratonic Cuddapah Basin, Southern India J. Petrology, December 1, 2003; 44(12): 2139 - 2171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B.A. Ivanov and H.J. Melosh Impacts do not initiate volcanic eruptions: Eruptions close to the crater Geology, October 1, 2003; 31(10): 869 - 872. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. SHAW, J. A. BAKER, M. A. MENZIES, M. F. THIRLWALL, and K. M. IBRAHIM Petrogenesis of the Largest Intraplate Volcanic Field on the Arabian Plate (Jordan): a Mixed Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Source Activated by Lithospheric Extension J. Petrology, September 1, 2003; 44(9): 1657 - 1679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. E. Lesher, C.E. Lesher, J. Pickering-Witter, G. Baxter, and M. Walter Melting of garnet peridotite: Effects of capsules and thermocouples, and implications for the high-pressure mantle solidus American Mineralogist, August 1, 2003; 88(8-9): 1181 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. E. WASYLENKI, M. B. BAKER, A. J. R. KENT, and E. M. STOLPER Near-solidus Melting of the Shallow Upper Mantle: Partial Melting Experiments on Depleted Peridotite J. Petrology, July 1, 2003; 44(7): 1163 - 1191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. MAALOE Melt Dynamics of a Partially Molten Mantle with Randomly Oriented Veins J. Petrology, July 1, 2003; 44(7): 1193 - 1210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Melluso, L. Melluso, V. Morra, P. Brotzu, L. Franciosi, A.M.P. Lieberknecht, and L. Bennio Geochemical provinciality in the Cretaceous basaltic magmatism of Northern Madagascar: mantle source implications Journal of the Geological Society, May 1, 2003; 160(3): 477 - 488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. F. BOGAARD and G. WORNER Petrogenesis of Basanitic to Tholeiitic Volcanic Rocks from the Miocene Vogelsberg, Central Germany J. Petrology, March 1, 2003; 44(3): 569 - 602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. C. Dawson, G. C. Dawson, B. Krapez, I. R. Fletcher, N. J. McNaughton, and B. Rasmussen 1.2 Ga thermal metamorphism in the Albany-Fraser Orogen of Western Australia: consequence of collision or regional heating by dyke swarms? Journal of the Geological Society, January 1, 2003; 160(1): 29 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A.-K. M. Moghazi and A.-K. M. MOGHAZI Geochemistry of a Tertiary continental basalt suite, Red Sea coastal plain, Egypt: petrogenesis and characteristics of the mantle source region Geological Magazine, January 1, 2003; 140(1): 11 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. J. Flower and Y. Dilek Arc-trench rollback and forearc accretion: 1. A collision-induced mantle flow model for Tethyan ophiolites Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 1, 2003; 218(1): 21 - 41. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. Rocchi, F. Storti, G. Di Vincenzo, and F. Rossetti Intraplate strike-slip tectonics as an alternative to mantle plume activity for the Cenozoic rift magmatism in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 1, 2003; 210(1): 145 - 158. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Pichavant and R. Macdonald Mantle genesis and crustal evolution of primitive calc-alkaline basaltic magmas from the Lesser Antilles arc Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 1, 2003; 219(1): 239 - 254. [Abstract] [PDF]
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