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Journal of Petrology | Volume 43 | Number 7 | Pages 1121-1137 | 2002
© Oxford University Press 2002

Kerguelen Hotspot Magma Output since 130 Ma

MILLARD F. COFFIN1,2,3,*, M. S. PRINGLE4, R. A. DUNCAN5, T. P. GLADCZENKO6, M. STOREY7, R. D. MÜLLER8 and L. A. GAHAGAN3

1OCEAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, 1-15-1 MINAMIDAI, NAKANO-KU, TOKYO 164-8639, JAPAN
2INSTITUTE FOR FRONTIER RESEARCH ON EARTH EVOLUTION, JAPAN MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER, 2-15 NATUSHIMA-CHO, YOKOSUKA 237-0061, JAPAN
3INSTITUTE FOR GEOPHYSICS, JACKSON SCHOOL OF GEOSCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, 4412 SPICEWOOD SPRINGS ROAD, BUILDING 600, AUSTIN, TX 78759-8500, USA
4SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTRE, SCOTTISH ENTERPRISE TECHNOLOGY PARK, RANKINE AVENUE, EAST KILBRIDE G75 0QF, UK
5COLLEGE OF OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, OCEANOGRAPHY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING 104, CORVALLIS, OR 97331-5503, USA
6DYNAMIC GRAPHICS, INC., 1015 ATLANTIC AVENUE, ALAMEDA, CA 94501-1154, USA
7DANISH LITHOSPHERE CENTER, ØSTER VOLDGADE 10, 1350 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
8SCHOOL OF GEOSCIENCES, DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, N.S.W. 2006, AUSTRALIA

The Kerguelen hotspot (Indian Ocean) has produced basalt for ~130 Myr, among the longest known volcanic records from a single source. New and published 40Ar/39Ar age determinations from the Kerguelen Plateau, Broken Ridge, Rajmahal Traps, and Bunbury basalts, and of Indian and Antarctic dikes help to document the hotspot’s history. Using radiometric dates and crustal structure determined from geophysical data and drilling results, we calculate the magmatic output of the Kerguelen hotspot through time. Output rates have varied in ways not predicted by current geodynamic models; maximum eruption volumes postdate the initial surface manifestation of the hotspot as well as break-up between Antarctica and India by >=15 Myr, and magma output rates were high, as well as geographically diverse, over an interval of 25 Myr, from ~120 to ~95 Ma. We propose two alternatives to the standard mantle plume paradigm, one involving multiple plume sources, and another consisting of a single, but dismembered plume source.

KEY WORDS: hotspot; mantle plume; large igneous province; flood basalt; Kerguelen Plateau


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