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Journal of Petrology Advance Access originally published online on September 9, 2004
Journal of Petrology 2005 46(1):3-32; doi:10.1093/petrology/egh060
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Journal of Petrology vol. 46 issue 1 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved

Magma Generation at a Large, Hyperactive Silicic Volcano (Taupo, New Zealand) Revealed by U–Th and U–Pb Systematics in Zircons

B. L. A. CHARLIER1,2,*, C. J. N. WILSON3, J. B. LOWENSTERN4, S. BLAKE2, P. W. VAN CALSTEREN2 and J. P. DAVIDSON1

1 DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM, SOUTH ROAD, DURHAM DH1 3LE, UK
2 DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES, THE OPEN UNIVERSITY, WALTON HALL, MILTON KEYNES MK7 6AA, UK
3 INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL & NUCLEAR SCIENCES, PO BOX 30368, LOWER HUTT 6315, NEW ZEALAND
4 VOLCANO HAZARDS TEAM, US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MAILSTOP 910, 345 MIDDLEFIELD ROAD, MENLO PARK, CA 94025, USA

Young (<~65 ka) explosive silicic volcanism at Taupo volcano, New Zealand, has involved the development and evacuation of several crustal magmatic systems. Up to and including the 26·5 ka 530 km3 Oruanui eruption, magmatic systems were contemporaneous but geographically separated. Subsequently they have been separated in time and have vented from geographically overlapping areas. Single-crystal (secondary ionization mass spectrometry) and multiple-crystal (thermal ionization mass spectrometry) zircon model-age data are presented from nine representative eruption deposits from ~45 to ~3·5 ka. Zircon yields vary by three orders of magnitude, correlating with the degrees of zircon saturation in the magmas, and influencing the spectra of model ages. Two adjacent magma systems active up to 26·5 ka show wholly contrasting model-age spectra. The smaller system shows a simple unimodal distribution. The larger system, using data from three eruptions, shows bimodal model-age spectra. An older ~100 ka peak is interpreted to represent zircons (antecrysts) derived from older silicic mush or plutonic rocks, and a younger peak to represent zircons (phenocrysts) that grew in the magma body immediately prior to eruption. Post-26·5 ka magma batches show contrasting age spectra, consistent with a mixture of antecrysts, phenocrysts and, in two examples, xenocrysts from Quaternary plutonic and Mesozoic–Palaeozoic metasedimentary rocks. The model-age spectra, coupled with zircon-dissolution modelling, highlight contrasts between short-term silicic magma generation at Taupo, by bulk remobilization of crystal mush and assimilation of metasediment and/or silicic plutonic basement rocks, and the longer-term processes of fractionation from crustally contaminated mafic melts. Contrasts between adjacent or successive magma systems are attributed to differences in positions of the source and root zones within contrasting domains in the quartzo-feldspathic (<15 km deep) crust below the volcano.

KEY WORDS: zircon; U-series dating; rhyolite; Taupo Volcanic Zone; Taupo volcano

* Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. Telephone: +44(0)1908 652558. Fax: +44(0)1908 655151. E-mail: b.l.a.charlier{at}open.ac.uk


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