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Journal of Petrology Advance Access originally published online on November 24, 2004
Journal of Petrology 2005 46(3):441-472; doi:10.1093/petrology/egh083
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© The Author (2004). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions{at}oupjournals.org

Occurrence and Origin of Andalusite in Peraluminous Felsic Igneous Rocks

D. BARRIE CLARKE1,*, MICHAEL DORAIS2, BERNARD BARBARIN3, DAN BARKER4, BERNARDO CESARE5, GEOFFREY CLARKE6, MOHAMED EL BAGHDADI7, SASKIA ERDMANN1, HANS-JÜRGEN FÖRSTER8, MARIO GAETA9, BÄRBEL GOTTESMANN8, REBECCA A. JAMIESON1, DANIEL J. KONTAK10, FRIEDRICH KOLLER11, CARLOS LEAL GOMES12, DAVID LONDON13, GEORGE B. MORGAN, VI13, LUIS J. P. F. NEVES14, DAVID R. M. PATTISON15, ALCIDES J. S. C. PEREIRA14, MICHEL PICHAVANT16, CARLOS W. RAPELA17, AXEL D. RENNO18, SIMON RICHARDS19, MALCOLM ROBERTS20, ALESSANDRO ROTTURA21, JULIO SAAVEDRA22, ALCIDES NOBREGA SIAL23, ALEJANDRO J. TOSELLI24, JOSE M. UGIDOS25, PAVEL UHER26, CARLOS VILLASECA27, DARIO VISONÀ5, DONNA L. WHITNEY28, BEN WILLIAMSON29 and HENRY H. WOODARD30

1 DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES, DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY, HALIFAX, NS, CANADA B3H 3J5
2 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY, PROVO, UT 84602, USA
3 LABORATOIRE MAGMAS ET VOLCANS, UNIVERSITÉ BLAISE PASCAL, 5 RUE KESSLER, F63038 CLERMONT-FERRAND CEDEX, FRANCE
4 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN, TX 78712, USA
5 DIPARTIMENTO DI MINERALOGIA E PETROLOGIA, UNIVERSITÁ DI PADOVA, I-35137 PADOVA, ITALY
6 SCHOOL OF GEOSCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, SYDNEY, N.S.W. 2006, AUSTRALIA
7 LABORATOIRE D'EXPLORATION ET GESTION DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES, DÉPARTEMENT DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE, FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES, BENI MELLAL, MOROCCO
8 GEOFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM POTSDAM, D-14473 POTSDAM, GERMANY
9 UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA LA SAPIENZA, DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE DELLA TERRA, PIAZZALE ALDO MORO 5, 00185 ROME, ITALY
10 NOVA SCOTIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, PO BOX 698, HALIFAX, NS, CANADA B3J 2T9
11 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA, A-1090 VIENNA, AUSTRIA
12 DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA TERRA, UNIVERSIDADE DO MINHO, 4710-057 BRAGA, PORTUGAL
13 SCHOOL OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA, NORMAN, OK 73019-0628, USA
14 DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DA TERRA, UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA, 3000-272 COIMBRA, PORTUGAL
15 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, CALGARY, AB, CANADA T2N 1N4
16 INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE D'ORLÉANS (ISTO, UMR 6113), 45071 ORLÉANS CEDEX 2, FRANCE
17 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES GEOLÓGICAS, 644 CALLE NO. 1, 1900 LA PLATA, ARGENTINA
18 INSTITUTE OF MINERALOGY, FREIBERG UNIVERSITY, D-09596 FREIBERG, GERMANY
19 SCHOOL OF GEOSCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE, NEWCASTLE, N.S.W., AUSTRALIA
20 THE COUNCIL FOR GEOSCIENCE, PO BOX 5347, PORT ELIZABETH 6065, SOUTH AFRICA
21 DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE DELLA TERRA E GEOLOGICO-AMBIENTALI, UNIVERSITÁ DI BOLOGNA, 40126 BOLOGNA, ITALY
22 INSTITUTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AGROBIOLOGIA, CSIC, 37071 SALAMANCA, SPAIN
23 NEG-LABISE, DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PERNAMBUCO, RECIFE, PE 50670-000, BRAZIL
24 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TUCUMAN, FACULTAD CIENCIAS NATURALES, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR CORRELACIÓN GEOLÓGICA, 4000 SAN MIGUEL DE TUCUMAN, ARGENTINA
25 DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOLOGIA, FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, 37008 SALAMANCA, SPAIN
26 DEPARTMENT OF MINERAL DEPOSITS, FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, THE COMENIUS UNIVERSITY, MLYSKA DOLINA G, 842 15 BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA
27 DEPARTAMENTO DE PETROLOGIA Y GEOQUIMICA, FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLOGICAS, UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE, 28040 MADRID, SPAIN
28 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455, USA
29 DEPARTMENT OF MINERALOGY, THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, LONDON SW7 5BD, UK
30 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, BELOIT COLLEGE, BELOIT, WI 53511, USA

Andalusite occurs as an accessory mineral in many types of peraluminous felsic igneous rocks, including rhyolites, aplites, granites, pegmatites, and anatectic migmatites. Some published stability curves for And = Sil and the water-saturated granite solidus permit a small stability field for andalusite in equilibrium with felsic melts. We examine 108 samples of andalusite-bearing felsic rocks from more than 40 localities world-wide. Our purpose is to determine the origin of andalusite, including the T–P–X controls on andalusite formation, using eight textural and chemical criteria: size—compatibility with grain sizes of igneous minerals in the same rock; shape—ranging from euhedral to anhedral, with no simple correlation with origin; state of aggregation—single grains or clusters of grains; association with muscovite—with or without rims of monocrystalline or polycrystalline muscovite; inclusions—rare mineral inclusions and melt inclusions; chemical composition—andalusite with little significant chemical variation, except in iron content (0·08–1·71 wt % FeO); compositional zoning—concentric, sector, patchy, oscillatory zoning cryptically reflect growth conditions; compositions of coexisting phases—biotites with high siderophyllite–eastonite contents (Aliv {approx} 2·68 ± 0·07 atoms per formula unit), muscovites with 0·57–4·01 wt % FeO and 0·02–2·85 wt % TiO2, and apatites with 3·53 ± 0·18 wt % F. Coexisting muscovite–biotite pairs have a wide range of F contents, and FBt = 1·612FMs + 0·015. Most coexisting minerals have compositions consistent with equilibration at magmatic conditions. The three principal genetic types of andalusite in felsic igneous rocks are: Type 1 Metamorphic—(a) prograde metamorphic (in thermally metamorphosed peraluminous granites), (b) retrograde metamorphic (inversion from sillimanite of unspecified origin), (c) xenocrystic (derivation from local country rocks), and (d) restitic (derivation from source regions); Type 2 Magmatic—(a) peritectic (water-undersaturated, T{uparrow}) associated with leucosomes in migmatites, (b) peritectic (water-undersaturated, T{downarrow}), as reaction rims on garnet or cordierite, (c) cotectic (water-undersaturated, T{downarrow}) direct crystallization from a silicate melt, and (d) pegmatitic (water-saturated, T{downarrow}), associated with aplite–pegmatite contacts or pegmatitic portion alone; Type 3 Metasomatic—(water-saturated, magma-absent), spatially related to structural discontinuities in host, replacement of feldspar and/or biotite, intergrowths with quartz. The great majority of our andalusite samples show one or more textural or chemical criteria suggesting a magmatic origin. Of the many possible controls on the formation of andalusite (excess Al2O3, water concentration and fluid evolution, high Be–B–Li–P, high F, high Fe–Mn–Ti, and kinetic considerations), the two most important factors appear to be excess Al2O3 and the effect of releasing water (either to strip alkalis from the melt or to reduce alumina solubility in the melt). Of particular importance is the evidence for magmatic andalusite in granites showing no significant depression of the solidus, suggesting that the And = Sil equilibrium must cross the granite solidus rather than lie below it. Magmatic andalusite, however formed, is susceptible to supra- or sub-solidus reaction to produce muscovite. In many cases, textural evidence of this reaction remains, but in other cases muscovite may completely replace andalusite leaving little or no evidence of its former existence.

KEY WORDS: andalusite; granite; magmatic; origin; xenocrystic

* Corresponding author. Telephone: (902) 494-2358. Fax: (902) 494-6889. E-mail: clarke{at}dal.ca


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