Journal of Petrology Advance Access originally published online on December 7, 2005
Journal of Petrology 2006 47(4):647-671; doi:10.1093/petrology/egi088
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Immiscible Transition from Carbonate-rich to Silicate-rich Melts in the 3 GPa Melting Interval of Eclogite + CO2 and Genesis of Silica-undersaturated Ocean Island Lavas
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, 310 PILLSBURY DRIVE SE, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455, USA
RECEIVED APRIL 25, 2005; ACCEPTED OCTOBER 27, 2005
| ABSTRACT |
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We explore the partial melting behavior of a carbonated silica-deficient eclogite (SLEC1; 5 wt % CO2) from experiments at 3 GPa and compare the compositions of partial melts with those of alkalic and highly alkalic oceanic island basalts (OIBs). The solidus is located at 10501075 °C and the liquidus at
1415 °C. The sub-solidus assemblage consists of clinopyroxene, garnet, ilmenite, and calcio-dolomitic solid solution and the near solidus melt is carbonatitic (<2 wt % SiO2, <1 wt % Al2O3, and <0·1 wt % TiO2). Beginning at 1225 °C, a strongly silica-undersaturated silicate melt (
3443 wt % SiO2) with high TiO2 (up to 19 wt %) coexists with carbonate-rich melt (<5 wt % SiO2). The first appearance of carbonated silicate melt is
100 °C cooler than the expected solidus of CO2-free eclogite. In contrast to the continuous transition from carbonate to silicate melts observed experimentally in peridotite + CO2 systems, carbonate and silicate melt coexist over a wide temperature interval for partial melting of SLEC1 carbonated eclogite at 3 GPa. Silicate melts generated from SLEC1, especially at high melt fraction (>20 wt %), may be plausible sources or contributing components to melilitites and melilititic nephelinites from oceanic provinces, as they have strong compositional similarities including their SiO2, FeO*, MgO, CaO, TiO2 and Na2O contents, and CaO/Al2O3 ratios. Carbonated silicate partial melts from eclogite may also contribute to less extreme alkalic OIB, as these lavas have a number of compositional attributes, such as high TiO2 and FeO* and low Al2O3, that have not been observed from partial melting of peridotite ± CO2. In upwelling mantle, formation of carbonatite and silicate melts from eclogite and peridotite source lithologies occurs over a wide range of depths, producing significant opportunities for metasomatic transfer and implantation of melts. KEY WORDS: carbonated eclogite; experimental phase equilibria; partial melting; liquid immiscibility; ocean island basalts
| INTRODUCTION |
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Silica-undersaturated lavas are characteristic of many intraplate magmatic provinces, including those on continents (e.g. Wilson et al., 1995
Alkalic lavas from oceanic islands have a wide range of compositions (Fig. 1) that presumably reflect a spectrum of sources and processes. As noted recently by Hirschmann et al. (2003)
and Kogiso et al. (2003)
, key compositional characteristics of some alkalic oceanic island basalts (OIBs) differ significantly from liquids likely to be descended from those generated in existing experimental partial melting studies of peridotite (e.g. Hirose & Kushiro, 1993
; Walter, 1998
). This may be simply because such magmas are generated at very small degrees of melting of garnet peridotite, and experiments at the appropriately low melt fraction have yet to be achieved. On the other hand, associations between these lavas and isotopic signatures of crustal recycling (e.g. Hoernle et al., 1991
; Kogiso et al., 1997
; Janney et al., 2002
; Jørgensen & Holm, 2002
; Doucelance et al., 2003
; Workman et al., 2004
) have induced exploration of the hypothesis that the major element compositions of these lavas reflect a component derived from partial melts of pyroxenite or eclogite (Hirschmann et al., 2003
; Kogiso et al., 2003
). Similarly, a role for CO2 should be considered, as lavas from these provinces show evidence for high CO2 (e.g. Dixon et al., 1997
), and their mantle source regions may be affected by CO2-rich fluids and/or carbonatitic melts (Hauri et al., 1993
; Saal et al., 1998
; Coltorti et al., 1999
; Kogarko et al., 2001
; Neumann et al., 2002
). In some localities, alkalic OIBs are associated with crustally emplaced carbonatites (e.g. Allègre et al., 1971
; Hoernle et al., 2002
).
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Highly silica-undersaturated lavas such as melilitite and melilititic nephelinite (Le Bas, 1989
Experiments investigating the possible role of carbonated eclogite in the petrogenesis of alkalic and highly alkalic OIB have not been performed previously. Here we present the results of partial melting experiments for a natural eclogite that has been modified by addition of carbonates (SLEC1; 5 wt % CO2) at 3 GPa. In previous studies, we examined production of carbonatitic liquids from this carbonated eclogite (Dasgupta et al., 2004
, 2005a
). In the present study, we extend these experiments to higher temperature to document the transition from lower temperature carbonatite partial melts to carbonated silicate partial melts and to investigate possible relationships between these melts and the origin of alkalic (alkali basaltbasanitenephelinite) and highly alkalic (melilititemelilite nephelinite) intraplate lavas. First, we briefly review some relevant constraints on the petrogenesis of these lavas.
Origin of alkalic oceanic island basalt suites
It is well established that partial melting of peridotite ± CO2 at high pressure and sufficiently low melt fraction gives rise to nepheline-normative liquids with compositional similarities to alkali basaltbasanitenephelinite suites common on oceanic islands (e.g. Takahashi & Kushiro, 1983
; Hirose & Kushiro, 1993
; Hirose, 1997
; Green & Falloon, 1998
). However, in detail, liquids generated from existing experiments on peridotite ± CO2 are distinct from many natural lavas in some important respects. For example, the lavas have lower Al2O3 and higher FeO* and TiO2 at a given MgO concentration than liquids likely to be derived by crystal fractionation from partial melts of volatile-poor peridotite or from partial melts of carbonated peridotite (Fig. 1; see also Kogiso et al., 2003
). This may be because existing experiments on carbonated peridotite (Hirose, 1997
) reflect relatively high degrees of melting. The compositions of small-degree partial melts of carbonated peridotite may possibly be more appropriate as parents for natural alkalic OIB suites.
As pointed out by Kogiso et al. (1998
, 2003)
and shown in Fig. 1, lavas with strong HIMU isotopic signatures of recycled oceanic crust are enriched in CaO and CaO/Al2O3 relative to experimental partial melts of volatile-poor peridotite. These must reflect contributions from CaO-rich melts, which may plausibly be related to the character of the HIMU source. Partial melts of carbonated peridotite are highly calcic, and, therefore, could play a role in HIMU genesis, although, as mentioned above, the lower FeO* and TiO2 and higher Al2O3 concentrations of carbonated peridotite partial melts from the experiments of Hirose (1997)
are not appropriate for parental melts of the HIMU or other alkalic OIB lavas.
Recently it has been shown that high-pressure partial melting of silica-deficient garnet pyroxenite (MIX1G) also generates silica-undersaturated lavas similar to alkalic OIBs (Hirschmann et al., 2003
; Kogiso et al., 2003
). However, MIX1G does not produce melts with silica and alumina as low as primitive alkalic OIB and, thus, Kogiso et al. (2003)
suggested that a source composition more silica deficient than MIX1G or a carbonated garnet pyroxenite could be a better source lithology for OIB parental melts. Keshav et al. (2004)
argued that garnet pyroxenite is not a plausible source lithology for alkalic OIB suites because partial melting trends are transverse to variations of alkalic OIBs on MgOAl2O3 and CaOSiO2 diagrams. This would be a valid consideration if varying degrees of isobaric partial melting were the principal cause of compositional variation in such suites. But if the alkali OIB major element trends chiefly reflect some other process, such as fractionation and/or accumulation of mafic phenocrysts, then the obliquity of the partial melting and lava trends is not relevant.
Origin of melilitites and melilitite nephelinites
In addition to low SiO2, melilitites and melilitic nephelinites are characterized by high TiO2, FeO*, CaO, Na2O and CaO/Al2O3 (Fig. 1). These cannot be derived by partial melting of peridotite in the absence of volatiles (e.g. Takahashi & Kushiro, 1983
), but liquids with some of these compositional characteristics can be generated by partial melting of carbonated peridotite (Eggler, 1978
; Hirose, 1997
). For example, MgO-rich partial melts of carbonated peridotite produced at 3 GPa (Hirose, 1997
) may evolve by olivine fractionation to liquids that match the SiO2, CaO, Na2O contents, and CaO/Al2O3,of melilitites and nephelinites (Fig. 1). However, these experimentally produced liquids are too poor in TiO2 and FeO* and too rich in Al2O3 at a given MgO content to account for ocean island melilitite, melilite nephelinite, and continental melilitites (Fig. 1). Thus, compared with partial melts of peridotite or carbonated peridotite from known experiments, both common alkalic OIB and melilititic lavas seem to require sources capable of generating higher TiO2 and FeO* and lower Al2O3. This may be why inverse experiments on the liquidus phase relations of olivine melilitite + H2O + CO2 for a range of upper mantle P, T, XH2O, XCO2, and fO2 conditions failed to locate saturation with a lherzolite or harzburgite assemblage (Brey & Green, 1977
; Brey, 1978
). Instead, liquidus assemblages of primitive olivine melilitites at moderate to high pressures (0·53 GPa) include clinopyroxenite, garnet clinopyroxenite or wehrlite (Brey & Ryabchikov, 1994
). Consequently, highly silica-undersaturated lavas may not be derived from sources consisting solely of typical carbonated natural lherzolite.
A key point is that much of the discussion regarding the origin of alkalic lavas has been based on comparisons between experimental partial melts and natural lavas projected into pseudo-ternary or pseudo-tetrahedral normative compositions (O'Hara, 1968
). Although this is a powerful form of analysis, it has the potential to obscure key differences between experimental and natural liquids. For example, such projections do not address whether experimental partial melts have suitable FeO* for a given MgO concentration (Herzberg & O'Hara, 2002
) or whether they are sufficiently rich in TiO2 to be parental to natural melilititicnephelinitic lavas. For this reason, comparisons in this paper will be made chiefly through major element variation diagrams.
| EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES |
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Starting material
The starting material SLEC1 (Table 1) was prepared by mixing a natural eclogite xenolith powder (66039B; Dasgupta et al., 2004
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Experimental procedure
All experiments were carried out at 3 GPa using an end-loaded piston-cylinder apparatus, 1/2 inch assembly with BaCO3 pressure cell, and Ptgraphite double capsules at the University of Minnesota, following the calibration of Xirouchakis et al. (2001)
Analytical techniques
Wavelength-dispersive spectrometry (WDS) point analyses of the resulting phases were performed using a JEOL JXA8900R electron microprobe at the University of Minnesota. Accelerating voltage was set at 1520 kV for all the phases. Analyses of the silicate and oxide minerals were performed using a fully focused 20 nA beam. Carbonate melts were analysed with a defocused beam of 16 µm and a current of 13 nA, depending on the dimension of the interstitial quenched melt pool. For runs where immiscible silicate melts did not segregate to form a large melt pool (A413, A418, and A423), a beam diameter of 16 µm and a current of 25 nA were employed to measure the silicate melts. We attempted to sample clean glass, but when this was not available we used a broad (up to 10 µm) beam to reintegrate quenched melt regions with exsolved FeTi oxides. To obtain a reasonable estimate of the melt compositions from these experiments, we averaged as many spot analyses as possible by repolishing a new surface after each microprobe session for up to two to three times and reanalysing the quenched melt. Relatively large quenched silicate-melt pools for runs A429 and A426 were analysed with a 30 µm, 10 nA beam. Counting times for all elements were 20 s on peak and 10 s on each background for minerals and silicate melts, and 10 s on peak and 5 s on backgrounds for quenched carbonate melt. Analytical standards were natural cpx, garnet, olivine, ilmenite, feldspar, chrome spinel, and natural basalt glass for minerals and quenched silicate glass. For quenched carbonate mats, Ca and Mg were standardized on natural dolomite and Fe on siderite.
To confirm textural interpretations regarding the presence of carbonate and silicate melts, high-resolution imaging of the run products was performed in a JEOL-JSM-6500F field emission gun scanning electron microscope in the IT Characterization Facility of University of Minnesota.
| EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS |
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Experimental conditions and corresponding phase assemblages are listed in Table 2 and micrographs of the run products are presented in Fig. 2. Phase proportions inferred from mass-balance calculations are also given in Table 2 and are plotted in Fig. 3 as a function of temperature. Compositions of minerals and melts are listed in Tables 37 and plotted in Figs 47.
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Phase assemblages and textures
Near solidus phase relations for SLEC1 have been reported by Dasgupta et al. (2004)
1050 °C) consists of garnet, cpx, ilmenite, and calcio-dolomitic solid solution. At higher temperatures, quenched carbonate melts (10751375 °C) and silicate melts (12251400 °C) are present. Above the solidus, at 1075 °C the appearance of calcio-dolomitic melt coincides with the disappearance of crystalline carbonate. Carbonatitic melt persists with residual garnet, cpx, and ilmenite to at least 1175 °C (Fig. 2a). At 1225 °C, a coexisting silicate glass appears. Ilmenite disappears between 1225 and 1275 °C. Carbonate and silicate melts coexist at least up to 1375 °C (Fig. 2c and d) and at 1400 °C a single CO2-rich silicate melt is observed (Fig. 2e and f). Garnet and cpx are observed in all experimental charges, but based on phase proportion trends (Fig. 3), cpx is inferred to disappear within 1020 °C of the liquidus and garnet is inferred to be the remaining phase at the liquidus, which is estimated to be at
1415 °C.
Quenched carbonate melts consist primarily of feathery mats of dolomiteankeritess crystals (see Dasgupta et al., 2004
, fig. 2b) and are present at triple grain junctions and along grain edges of residual garnet, cpx, and ilmenite (Fig. 2a). For relatively high-temperature runs (>1225 °C), acicular crystals of quench cpx and needles of rutile are also identified within the interstitial pools of carbonate melts. Immiscible silicate melts quench primarily to glass. However, variable amounts of exsolved FeTi oxide are observed within quenched silicate glass at 1225, 1275, 1315, and 1350 °C (Fig. 2c and d). At 1375 and 1400 °C, the quenched silicate melt is an aggregate of quench-cpx, carbonate and rutile (Fig. 2e and f), and devoid of any glass.
Textural relations do not indicate any definite preferential wetting of mineral grains by carbonate or silicate melts (Fig. 2c and d); however, quench-overgrowths on residual garnet and cpx (Fig. 2be) suggest selective wetting of grain edges by silicate melt. In runs A410 (1225 °C), A413 (1275 °C), A418 (1315 °C), and A423 (1350 °C), interstitial silicate melt is observed to be present towards the top of the capsule only, where carbonate melts are confined to interstitial melt pools distributed across the charge (Fig. 2d, Table 2). This also indicates that the silicate melts form an interconnected, permeable, network under conditions where carbonate melt pockets are isolated. In run A429 (1375 °C), complete separation of quenched pools of silicate melt from a zone of garnet + cpx + interstitial carbonate melt is observed (Fig. 2e; Table 2), which further supports our inference of diminished mobility of carbonate melts when silicate melts are present.
Approach to chemical equilibration
The experiments reported here are unreversed and the back-scattered electron images show zoning in garnet for runs up to 1350 °C, reflecting incomplete chemical equilibration. However, an approach to equilibrium can be assessed as follows. All the experiments have been mass-balanced and for 10 new experiments whose phase compositions are reported here for the first time, the average sum of squared residuals (
r2) is 0·74. Considering uncertainties in analyses of alkalis and estimation of CO2 in quenched carbonate melts, these residuals are considered to be acceptable. The average
r2 is reduced to 0·50 when Na is left out of the mass-balance calculation. Garnet compositions (rim compositions for runs up to 1350 °C) also show systematic shifts with increasing temperature. Finally, generalized thermometers based on Fe2+Mg partitioning between garnet and clinopyroxene (Ellis & Green, 1979
; Krogh-Ravna, 2000
) were compared with known experimental temperatures. Based on average analyses of garnet and clinopyroxenes, calculated temperatures fall within 65 ° of the nominal run temperatures. We consider this result to be supportive, given that average mineral compositions of the charge and not the texturally coexisting garnetcpx pairs were used.
Role of quench modification of partial melt compositions
Formation of overgrowths on residual minerals and consequent modifications of partial melt compositions during quench is a long-standing problem in high-pressure, high-temperature experiments in maficultramafic systems. Observations of variable proportions of quench-rims on cpx and garnets in the present study indicate some modifications of interstitial melt compositions that were stable during the experiments. However, we believe that any such effects are minor and that the reported average compositions (Tables 3 and 4) are representative of equilibrium melt compositions because: (1) both silicate and carbonate melts show systematic compositional evolution as a function of temperature (discussed in the Phase compositions section); (2) mass-balance calculations, especially for the silicate melt-present runs, produce satisfactory sum of residuals squares (0·10·8); (3) values of garnetsilicate melt and cpxsilicate melt Fe*Mg KD values show excellent agreement with those obtained from existing partial melting experiments of eclogite or garnet pyroxenite (e.g. Yaxley & Green, 1998
; Hirschmann et al., 2003
; Kogiso et al., 2003
; Pertermann & Hirschmann, 2003a
). Also, Fe*Mg KD values for garnetcarbonate melt and cpxcarbonate melt are similar to those observed by Yaxley & Brey (2004)
between 3·0 and 3·5 GPa.
Phase compositions
In the following section we summarize the compositional evolution of five phases observedcarbonate melt, silicate melt, garnet, cpx, and ilmeniteas a function of temperature across the 3 GPa melting interval of SLEC1. The composition of subsolidus crystalline carbonate has been given by Dasgupta et al. (2004
, 2005a
) and is not repeated here.
Carbonate melt
Quenched carbonate melts are broadly calcio-dolomitic, with Ca-numbers [molar Ca/(Ca + Mg + Fe)] ranging from 0·55 to 0·60, and show systematic compositional variations throughout the melting interval of SLEC1 at 3 GPa (Table 3, Fig. 4). With increasing temperature from 1075 to 1375 °C, SiO2 increases gradually from
2 to 5 wt %. From 1075 to 1175 °C, concentrations of Al2O3, TiO2, FeO*, CaO and MgO, and Mg-number shows little variation. With the appearance of silicate-rich melt at
1200 °C, there are noticeable changes in most of the major element oxide vs temperature trends. With increasing temperature from 1225 to 1375 °C, carbonate melts become richer in Al2O3, TiO2 and FeO*, and poorer in MgO and CaO. Mg-numbers of immiscible carbonate melts diminish with temperature.
The low measured concentrations of Na2O in the carbonate melts (
0·31·8 wt %) are probably artefacts of polishing damage, as mass-balance calculations indicate deficits of the same. Reconstruction of the carbonate melt compositions, using mass balance to achieve zero residuals for Na2O (Yaxley & Green, 1996
) indicates that the carbonate melts are Na2O-rich, with concentrations ranging between
4·5 and 8 wt % (Table 3).
Silicate melt
Low microprobe (9396·5 wt %) totals in replicate analyses of quenched silicate melts indicate that SLEC1-derived partial silicate melts contain
3·57·0 wt % dissolved CO2 (Table 4). Inferred CO2 concentrations in the silicate melt increase from
3·5 ± 2·5 wt % at 1225 °C to
7·0 ± 1·75 wt % at 1350 °C, and then decrease to
5·5 ± 0·4 wt % at 1400 °C as the melt composition approaches the bulk composition of SLEC1 (5 wt % CO2; Fig. 5). Inferred CO2 concentrations are at the low end of solubilities measured in high-pressure experiments in natural and synthetic silicate systems (Brey & Green, 1976
; Eggler & Mysen, 1976
; Blank & Brooker, 1994
; Thibault & Holloway, 1994
; Brooker et al., 2001
). They are lower than predicted from the 2 GPa solubility parameterization of Brooker et al. (2001)
. This is as expected from melts in equilibrium with carbonate melt, rather than CO2 vapor. To facilitate comparison between analyses of silicate melts and those from other experiments or natural lavas, all the major element oxide concentrations of silicate melts discussed below, and presented in Table 4 and Fig. 5, are recalculated to microprobe totals of 100%.
Silicate partial melts of SLEC1 vary from melilitites at lower temperature to melilite nephelinites (Le Bas, 1989
) at higher melt fractions. SiO2 increases from 33·8 wt % at 1225 °C to 42·9 wt % at 1375 °C. The melt at 1400 °C has 43·3 wt % SiO2 and approaches the composition of the starting material. From 1225 to 1400 °C Al2O3, MgO, CaO, and Mg-number show gradual increases, whereas TiO2, FeO*, and Na2O show steady decreases with rising temperature and increasing melt fraction (Table 4, Fig. 5). The most interesting compositional features of the immiscible silicate partial melts are their extreme enrichments of TiO2 and FeO*, particularly at lower temperatures. At 1225 °C the silicate melt has
19 wt % TiO2 and
25 wt % FeO*. With increasing temperature and melt fractions, both TiO2 and FeO* diminish dramatically and approach the starting material concentrations for the respective oxides (Fig. 5).
Garnet
Garnet compositions are given in Table 5 and plotted in Fig. 6. Several oxides, including TiO2, FeO* and MgO, and Mg-number, show kinks in their trends around 1225 °C, the temperature of first appearance of immiscible silicate melt and of ilmenite breakdown. The Mg-number remains
60 from the solidus to 1225 °C and then increases smoothly to
75 at 1400 °C. With increasing temperature, TiO2 contents increase from
0·6 to
1·0 wt %, while ilmenite is present, but are then reduced with increased melting and temperature to
0·4 wt % at 1400 °C.
Clinopyroxene
Compositions of aluminous clinopyroxene vary systematically across the melting interval of SLEC1 at 3 GPa (Table 6, Fig. 7). From the solidus (10501075 °C) to 1175 °C, their Mg-numbers vary little, from
77 to
75, but following the onset of silicate melting at 1225 °C, they increase steadily to
83 at 1400 °C. Al2O3 concentrations increase steadily from
4 wt % at the solidus to
7 wt % at 1400 °C; TiO2 increases from
0·5 at the solidus to
0·9 at 1175 °C, but then decreases steadily, after the elimination of ilmenite from the residue, with increased degree of silicate melting, to
0·4 just below the liquidus. Na2O concentrations drop from 2·1 wt % to
1·7 wt % across the solidus and then stay near-constant up to 1175 °C. From 1225 °C to 1400 °C, Na2O drops from
1·7 to 1·0 wt % as the silicate melt fraction increases.
Ilmenite
At 3 GPa, the accessory FeTi oxide phase in the melting interval of SLEC1 is stoichiometric ilmenitegeikielite solid solution (Table 7). From below the solidus (
1050 °C) to 1175 °C, ilmenite composition varies little, with MgO concentrations of 67 wt % (Mg-number of
2122). At 1225 °C, with the appearance of FeTi-rich silicate melt, the MgO content of ilmenite increases sharply to
11 wt % (Mg-number of
38). Ilmenite is absent at or above 1275 °C.
| DISCUSSION |
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Carbonatesilicate melt immiscibility during partial melting of carbonated eclogite
Our experiments provide clear evidence for coexisting carbonate and silicate liquids in the melting interval of SLEC1 carbonated eclogite at 3 GPa. This interpretation is supported both by textural evidence and by the compositions of coexisting liquids. The compositional evidence includes noticeable changes in the temperature vs major element oxide trend for carbonate melt at the appearance of immiscible silicate melt in SLEC1 (Fig. 4), and systematic shifts in Fe*Mg exchange equilibria between the two melts (discussed below). More generally, the relationship between the compositions of these coexisting melts can be illustrated in the temperature vs molar Ca/(Ca + Si) and molar Mg/(Mg + Ti) diagrams shown in Fig. 8. These clearly demonstrate the presence of a miscibility gap between the two conjugate melts in TX (CaOSiO2 and MgOTiO2) space. The shape of the miscibility gap as observed in Fig. 8 probably indicates changes in structure of the silicate melts with increasing temperature. High initial TiO2 contents indicate a polymerized melt structure with TiO2 acting as a network-forming species (e.g. Dickinson & Hess, 1985
solubility in the melt (e.g. Kubicki & Stolper, 1995
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The well-defined temperature interval of coexisting carbonate and silicate partial melts for carbonated eclogite SLEC1 at 3 GPa is distinct from the behavior observed in carbonated peridotite (Hirose, 1997
1400 °C. Carbonated peridotite studies (e.g. Hirose, 1997
The intersection of melt compositions with the silicatecarbonate miscibility gap in the melting interval of eclogite but not peridotite at 3 GPa presumably relates to the lower temperature of silicate melting for eclogite (e.g. Kogiso et al., 2004a
). According to Kogiso et al. (2004a)
, the chief factors that allow eclogites and pyroxenites to have lower solidi than peridotite are lower Mg-numbers and higher alkali content. Our observations for SLEC1 also suggest that bulk compositions with residual rutile or ilmenite should also stabilize silicate melts at low temperature owing to high activities of TiO2 and associated TiO2 enrichments in near-solidus partial melts. Interestingly, Hammouda (2003)
also reported immiscible coexisting carbonate and silicate melt for a Ti-free carbonated eclogite bulk composition at 6·0 GPa and 1300 °C, which suggests that other compositional parameters may also play a role in the stability of silicate-rich melts of eclogite at relatively lower temperatures. We believe, however, that at high pressure, the partial melting behavior of carbonated eclogite may be more similar to that of carbonated peridotite, with a gradual transition from carbonate-rich to silicate liquid compositions and without clear immiscibility. This is because we expect the temperature of first appearance of silicate melt to increase with increasing pressure whereas the region of carbonatesilicate melt immiscibility should diminish, owing to increasing solubility of CO2 in silicate melt.
Isobaric melting phase relation of carbonated eclogite
Melting reactions
Applying the method of Walter et al. (1995)
yields the following average melting reactions (in weight fractions) for the melting interval of SLEC1:
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Solidus and liquidus temperatureseffect of carbonates
The solidus (10501075 °C) temperature observed for carbonate-bearing composition SLEC1 at 3 GPa is distinctly lower than that observed for comparable compositions of nominally volatile-free pyroxenite, which have solidus temperatures in the range of 13001500 °C (see Kogiso et al., 2004a
, fig. 5). The liquidus (
1415 °C) of carbonated SLEC1 is also slightly lower than for nominally volatile-free equivalent compositions (14501550 °C; Kogiso et al., 2004a
, fig. 6). Because addition of carbonate has a larger effect on the solidus than on the liquidus, it also has the effect of increasing the eclogite-melting interval.
Expansion of the melting interval for carbonated eclogite is partly due to the very low temperature onset of carbonatite melt formation. However, the interval of silicate melt formation is also increased, as carbonated silicate melt appears at
1200 °C, more than 100 °C lower than silicate melt would be expected in nominally volatile-free eclogites and pyroxenites (Kogiso et al., 2004a
, and references therein). A similar lowering of the temperature of initial silicate melt formation is observed for carbonated peridotite at 3 GPa; i.e. in experiments with KLB-1 + 5 % magnesite, Hirose (1997)
observed silicate melts at 1400 °C, whereas the CO2-free solidus for KLB-1 is near 1500 °C (Takahashi, 1986
). With increasing pressure and consequent enhanced solubility of carbonate in silicate melts, carbonate may have a more pronounced effect on the temperature of first-silicate melt appearance. Thus, at 6 GPa, the first silicate melt production for the CMAS lherzolite occurs at
1875 °C (Presnall et al., 2002
, and references therein), whereas silicate melt (>20 wt % SiO2 in the melt) in CMASCO2 occurs at temperatures as low as 1405 °C (Dalton & Presnall, 1998
). Thus, the effects of carbonate on partial melting of upwelling mantle are twofold: in addition to producing carbonatite melts at great depth, more extensive carbonated silicate melt formation commences at depths considerably greater than the volatile-free silicate solidus.
Fe*Mg partitioning between immiscible silicate melts, carbonate melts, cpx and garnet
The FeMg compositions of coexisting carbonate and silicate liquids in our experiments show systematic variations (Fig. 9). With increasing temperature, Mg-numbers of carbonatite liquids (Lc) diminish whereas those of conjugate silicate liquids (Ls) increase (Fig. 9a). This is due to the marked temperature dependence of the Fe*Mg partitioning between garnet, cpx, and the two melts, with
,
decreasing with temperature (from
0·7 to 0·2 and from
1·3 to 0·3, respectively, from 1175 to 1375 °C) and
,
increasing with temperature (from 0·2 to 0·4 and from 0·4 to
0·7, respectively, from 1225 to 1375 °C). The resulting temperature dependence of KD (Fe*Mg) between carbonate and silicate melt, shown in Fig. 9b, is similar to that documented from studies of carbonate meltsilicate melt immiscibility at 23 GPa (Baker & Wyllie, 1990
; Lee & Wyllie, 1997
; Brooker, 1998
). When compared with data from a wider range of pressures, it is also apparent that there could be a pressure dependence for the KD (Fig. 9b), with Fe2+ partitioning preferentially into carbonate melt at higher pressures. When immiscible silicate melt is not present, modest decreases of
with increasing temperature (from
1·7 to
1·4 from 1075 to 1175 °C) are also observed. Yaxley & Brey (2004)
also found diminishing
, from
1·7 at 1180 °C to
1·2 at 1250 °C, in 3 GPa experiments on carbonated eclogite. On the other hand, in the absence of immiscible silicate melt,
shows little variation (
0·650·70) between 1075 and 1175 °C and is similar to values reported by Yaxley & Brey (2004)
(0·8 at 1180 °C and 0·6 at 1250 °C).
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Partitioning of Ti between coexisting phases during melting of carbonated eclogite
An interesting feature of the silicate partial melts of SLEC1 is the very high TiO2 concentrations (up to
19·4 wt % TiO2) derived from a bulk composition with modest total TiO2 (2·16 wt %). To our knowledge, similarly TiO2-rich melts have not been observed previously in partial melting experiments involving mafic or ultramafic lithologies. The cause of these enrichments must be related to low values of mineralmelt partition coefficients for Ti. In this section we discuss Ti partitioning between silicate partial melts of SLEC1 and cpx, garnet and carbonate-rich melt and evaluate them in the light of previous studies of silicate meltgarnetcpx equilibria.
Both
and
from the present study depend strongly on temperature.
diminishes from 0·15 ± 0·02 at 1400 °C to 0·05 ± 0·01 at 1225 °C;
diminishes from
0·2 ± 0·04 to 0·05 ± 0·01 over the same interval. Thus, strong enrichments in TiO2 may be related in part to stabilization of melt at low temperature. On the other hand, Pertermann & Hirschmann (2003a)
noted trends of increasing
and
with decreasing temperature from a compilation of experimental partial melting studies of pyroxenites and peridotites. Consequently, the observed low values of
and
in our experiments cannot be caused by low temperature alone.
Another factor that may diminish
and
is TiO2 enrichment in the liquid (Fig. 10). For example, in experiments in Ti-rich systems, low values of
and
are observed (Van Orman & Grove, 2000
; Dwarzski & Draper, 2004
; R. E. Dwarzski, personal communication, 2005) (Fig. 10). Similar decreases of DTi with TiO2 concentration in the melt are observed for opxsilicate melt equilibria (Xirouchakis et al., 2001
). This non-Henrian behavior of TiO2 in silicate melts is probably a contributing factor to the large TiO2 enrichments observed in the silicate partial melts from our experiments. However, it would be circular reasoning to conclude that TiO2-rich melts are both the principal cause and an effect of low DTi. Other influences must also be considered.
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The concentration of SiO2 in the silicate liquid may also affect DTi, owing to its effect on the activity coefficient of TiO2. As is well established from rutile-saturation experiments (Ryerson & Watson, 1987
. Thus, the low silica concentration in the carbonated silicate liquids from our experiments leads to a low
, and consequently to small
and
. The low silica contents of the silicate liquids are in turn attributable partly to the effects of CO2 (e.g. Kushiro, 1975



(wt %). Two melts are stable in the temperature interval between the two vertical dashed lines. A definite change in carbonate melt composition can be noted from the change of slope in the oxide (wt %) vs temperature trends with the appearance of immiscible silicate melt.








, Walter, 1998
, Yaxley & Green, 1998
, Hirschmann et al., 2003
, Van Orman & Grove (2000)