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Journal of Petrology Advance Access published online on November 24, 2004
Journal of Petrology, doi:10.1093/petrology/egh083
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Received August 4, 2003
Accepted September 22, 2004

Article

Occurrence and Origin of Andalusite in Peraluminous Felsic Igneous Rocks

D. BARRIE CLARKE 1*, MICHAEL DORAIS 2, BERNARD BARBARIN 3, DAN BARKER 4, BERNARDO CESARE 5, GEOFFREY CLARKE 6, MOHAMED EL BAGHDADI 7, SASKIA ERDMANN 1, HANS-JÜRGEN FÖRSTER 8, MARIO GAETA 9, BÄRBEL GOTTESMANN 8, REBECCA A. JAMIESON 1, DANIEL J. KONTAK 10, FRIEDRICH KOLLER 11, CARLOS LEAL GOMES 12, DAVID LONDON 13, GEORGE B. MORGAN VI13, LUIS J. P. F. NEVES 14, DAVID R. M. PATTISON 15, ALCIDES J. S. C. PEREIRA 14, MICHEL PICHAVANT 16, CARLOS W. RAPELA 17, AXEL D. RENNO 18, SIMON RICHARDS 19, MALCOLM ROBERTS 20, ALESSANDRO ROTTURA 21, JULIO SAAVEDRA 22, ALCIDES NOBREGA SIAL 23, ALEJANDRO J. TOSELLI 24, JOSE M. UGIDOS 25, PAVEL UHER 26, CARLOS VILLASECA 27, DARIO VISONÀ 5, DONNA L. WHITNEY 28, BEN WILLIAMSON 29, and HENRY H. WOODARD 30

1 DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES, DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY, HALIFAX, NS, CANADA B3H 3J5
2 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY, PROVO, UT 84602, USA
3 LABORATOIRE MAGMAS ET VOLCANS, UNIVERSITÉ BLAISE PASCAL, 5 RUE KESSLER, F63038 CLERMONT-FERRAND CEDEX, FRANCE
4 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN, TX 78712, USA
5 DIPARTIMENTO DI MINERALOGIA E PETROLOGIA, UNIVERSITÁ DI PADOVA, I-35137 PADOVA, ITALY
6 SCHOOL OF GEOSCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, SYDNEY, N.S.W. 2006, AUSTRALIA
7 LABORATOIRE D'EXPLORATION ET GESTION DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES, DÉPARTEMENT DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE, FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES, BENI MELLAL, MOROCCO
8 GEOFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM POTSDAM, D-14473 POTSDAM, GERMANY
9 UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA LA SAPIENZA, DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE DELLA TERRA, PIAZZALE ALDO MORO 5, 00185 ROME, ITALY
10 NOVA SCOTIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, PO BOX 698, HALIFAX, NS, CANADA B3J 2T9
11 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA, A-1090 VIENNA, AUSTRIA
12 DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA TERRA, UNIVERSIDADE DO MINHO, 4710-057 BRAGA, PORTUGAL
13 SCHOOL OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA, NORMAN, OK 73019-0628, USA
14 DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DA TERRA, UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA, 3000-272 COIMBRA, PORTUGAL
15 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, CALGARY, AB, CANADA T2N 1N4
16 INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE D'ORLÉANS (ISTO, UMR 6113), 45071 ORLÉANS CEDEX 2, FRANCE
17 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES GEOLÓGICAS, 644 CALLE NO. 1, 1900 LA PLATA, ARGENTINA
18 INSTITUTE OF MINERALOGY, FREIBERG UNIVERSITY, D-09596 FREIBERG, GERMANY
19 SCHOOL OF GEOSCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE, NEWCASTLE, N.S.W., AUSTRALIA
20 THE COUNCIL FOR GEOSCIENCE, PO BOX 5347, PORT ELIZABETH 6065, SOUTH AFRICA
21 DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE DELLA TERRA E GEOLOGICO-AMBIENTALI, UNIVERSITÁ DI BOLOGNA, 40126 BOLOGNA, ITALY
22 INSTITUTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AGROBIOLOGIA, CSIC, 37071 SALAMANCA, SPAIN
23 NEG-LABISE, DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PERNAMBUCO, RECIFE, PE 50670-000, BRAZIL
24 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TUCUMAN, FACULTAD CIENCIAS NATURALES, INSTITUTO SUPERIOR CORRELACIÓN GEOLÓGICA, 4000 SAN MIGUEL DE TUCUMAN, ARGENTINA
25 DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOLOGIA, FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, 37008 SALAMANCA, SPAIN
26 DEPARTMENT OF MINERAL DEPOSITS, FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, THE COMENIUS UNIVERSITY, MLYSKA DOLINA G, 842 15 BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA
27 DEPARTAMENTO DE PETROLOGIA Y GEOQUIMICA, FACULTAD DE CC. GEOLOGICAS, UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE, 28040 MADRID, SPAIN
28 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455, USA
29 DEPARTMENT OF MINERALOGY, THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, LONDON SW7 5BD, UK
30 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, BELOIT COLLEGE, BELOIT, WI 53511, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
D. BARRIE CLARKE, E-mail: clarke{at}dal.ca


  Abstract

Andalusite occurs as an accessory mineral in many types of peraluminous felsic igneous rocks, including rhyolites, aplites, granites, pegmatites, and anatectic migmatites. Some published stability curves for And = Sil and the water-saturated granite solidus permit a small stability field for andalusite in equilibrium with felsic melts. We examine 108 samples of andalusite-bearing felsic rocks from more than 40 localities world-wide. Our purpose is to determine the origin of andalusite, including the T-P-X controls on andalusite formation, using eight textural and chemical criteria: size--compatibility with grain sizes of igneous minerals in the same rock; shape--ranging from euhedral to anhedral, with no simple correlation with origin; state of aggregation--single grains or clusters of grains; association with muscovite--with or without rims of monocrystalline or polycrystalline muscovite; inclusions--rare mineral inclusions and melt inclusions; chemical composition--andalusite with little significant chemical variation, except in iron content (0·08-1·71 wt % FeO); compositional zoning--concentric, sector, patchy, oscillatory zoning cryptically reflect growth conditions; compositions of coexisting phases--biotites with high siderophyllite-eastonite contents (Aliv {approx}2·68 ± 0·07 atoms per formula unit), muscovites with 0·57-4·01 wt % FeO and 0·02-2·85 wt % TiO2, and apatites with 3·53 ± 0·18 wt % F. Coexisting muscovite-biotite pairs have a wide range of F contents, and FBt = 1·612FMs + 0·015. Most coexisting minerals have compositions consistent with equilibration at magmatic conditions. The three principal genetic types of andalusite in felsic igneous rocks are: Type 1 Metamorphic--(a) prograde metamorphic (in thermally metamorphosed peraluminous granites), (b) retrograde metamorphic (inversion from sillimanite of unspecified origin), (c) xenocrystic (derivation from local country rocks), and (d) restitic (derivation from source regions); Type 2 Magmatic--(a) peritectic (water-undersaturated, T{uparrow}) associated with leucosomes in migmatites, (b) peritectic (water-undersaturated, T{downarrow}), as reaction rims on garnet or cordierite, (c) cotectic (water-undersaturated, T{downarrow}) direct crystallization from a silicate melt, and (d) pegmatitic (water-saturated, T{downarrow}), associated with aplite-pegmatite contacts or pegmatitic portion alone; Type 3 Metasomatic--(water-saturated, magma-absent), spatially related to structural discontinuities in host, replacement of feldspar and/or biotite, intergrowths with quartz. The great majority of our andalusite samples show one or more textural or chemical criteria suggesting a magmatic origin. Of the many possible controls on the formation of andalusite (excess Al2O3, water concentration and fluid evolution, high Be-B-Li-P, high F, high Fe-Mn-Ti, and kinetic considerations), the two most important factors appear to be excess Al2O3 and the effect of releasing water (either to strip alkalis from the melt or to reduce alumina solubility in the melt). Of particular importance is the evidence for magmatic andalusite in granites showing no significant depression of the solidus, suggesting that the And = Sil equilibrium must cross the granite solidus rather than lie below it. Magmatic andalusite, however formed, is susceptible to supra- or sub-solidus reaction to produce muscovite. In many cases, textural evidence of this reaction remains, but in other cases muscovite may completely replace andalusite leaving little or no evidence of its former existence.

Keywords: andalusite; granite; magmatic; origin; xenocrystic.
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